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GNU Coreutils
*************
This manual documents version 6.10 of the GNU core utilities, including
the standard programs for text and file manipulation.
Copyright (C) 1994-1996, 2000-2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
* Menu:
* Introduction[別]:: Caveats, overview, and authors.
* Common options[別]:: Common options.
* Output of entire files[別]:: cat tac nl od
* Formatting file contents[別]:: fmt pr fold
* Output of parts of files[別]:: head tail split csplit
* Summarizing files[別]:: wc sum cksum md5sum sha1sum sha2
* Operating on sorted files[別]:: sort shuf uniq comm ptx tsort
* Operating on fields within a line[別]:: cut paste join
* Operating on characters[別]:: tr expand unexpand
* Directory listing[別]:: ls dir vdir dircolors
* Basic operations[別]:: cp dd install mv rm shred
* Special file types[別]:: ln mkdir rmdir mkfifo mknod
* Changing file attributes[別]:: chgrp chmod chown touch
* Disk usage[別]:: df du stat sync
* Printing text[別]:: echo printf yes
* Conditions[別]:: false true test expr
* Redirection[別]:: tee
* File name manipulation[別]:: dirname basename pathchk
* Working context[別]:: pwd stty printenv tty
* User information[別]:: id logname whoami groups users who
* System context[別]:: date uname hostname hostid
* Modified command invocation[別]:: chroot env nice nohup su
* Process control[別]:: kill
* Delaying[別]:: sleep
* Numeric operations[別]:: factor seq
* File permissions[別]:: Access modes.
* Date input formats[別]:: Specifying date strings.
* Opening the software toolbox[別]:: The software tools philosophy.
* GNU Free Documentation License[別]:: Copying and sharing this manual.
* Concept index[別]:: General index.
--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
Common Options
* Exit status[別]:: Indicating program success or failure.
* Backup options[別]:: Backup options
* Block size[別]:: Block size
* Disambiguating names and IDs[別]:: chgrp and chown owner and group syntax
* Random sources[別]:: Sources of random data
* Target directory[別]:: Target directory
* Trailing slashes[別]:: Trailing slashes
* Traversing symlinks[別]:: Traversing symlinks to directories
* Treating / specially[別]:: Treating / specially
* Standards conformance[別]:: Standards conformance
Output of entire files
* cat invocation[別]:: Concatenate and write files.
* tac invocation[別]:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
* nl invocation[別]:: Number lines and write files.
* od invocation[別]:: Write files in octal or other formats.
* base64 invocation[別]:: Transform data into printable data.
Formatting file contents
* fmt invocation[別]:: Reformat paragraph text.
* pr invocation[別]:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
* fold invocation[別]:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
Output of parts of files
* head invocation[別]:: Output the first part of files.
* tail invocation[別]:: Output the last part of files.
* split invocation[別]:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
* csplit invocation[別]:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
Summarizing files
* wc invocation[別]:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
* sum invocation[別]:: Print checksum and block counts.
* cksum invocation[別]:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
* md5sum invocation[別]:: Print or check MD5 digests.
* sha1sum invocation[別]:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
* sha2 utilities[別]:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
Operating on sorted files
* sort invocation[別]:: Sort text files.
* shuf invocation[別]:: Shuffle text files.
* uniq invocation[別]:: Uniquify files.
* comm invocation[別]:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
* ptx invocation[別]:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
* tsort invocation[別]:: Topological sort.
`ptx': Produce permuted indexes
* General options in ptx[別]:: Options which affect general program behavior.
* Charset selection in ptx[別]:: Underlying character set considerations.
* Input processing in ptx[別]:: Input fields, contexts, and keyword selection.
* Output formatting in ptx[別]:: Types of output format, and sizing the fields.
* Compatibility in ptx[別]:: The GNU extensions to `ptx'
Operating on fields within a line
* cut invocation[別]:: Print selected parts of lines.
* paste invocation[別]:: Merge lines of files.
* join invocation[別]:: Join lines on a common field.
Operating on characters
* tr invocation[別]:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
* expand invocation[別]:: Convert tabs to spaces.
* unexpand invocation[別]:: Convert spaces to tabs.
`tr': Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
* Character sets[別]:: Specifying sets of characters.
* Translating[別]:: Changing one set of characters to another.
* Squeezing[別]:: Squeezing repeats and deleting.
Directory listing
* ls invocation[別]:: List directory contents
* dir invocation[別]:: Briefly list directory contents
* vdir invocation[別]:: Verbosely list directory contents
* dircolors invocation[別]:: Color setup for `ls'
`ls': List directory contents
* Which files are listed[別]:: Which files are listed
* What information is listed[別]:: What information is listed
* Sorting the output[別]:: Sorting the output
* More details about version sort[別]:: More details about version sort
* General output formatting[別]:: General output formatting
* Formatting the file names[別]:: Formatting the file names
Basic operations
* cp invocation[別]:: Copy files and directories
* dd invocation[別]:: Convert and copy a file
* install invocation[別]:: Copy files and set attributes
* mv invocation[別]:: Move (rename) files
* rm invocation[別]:: Remove files or directories
* shred invocation[別]:: Remove files more securely
Special file types
* link invocation[別]:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
* ln invocation[別]:: Make links between files
* mkdir invocation[別]:: Make directories
* mkfifo invocation[別]:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
* mknod invocation[別]:: Make block or character special files
* readlink invocation[別]:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
* rmdir invocation[別]:: Remove empty directories
* unlink invocation[別]:: Remove files via unlink syscall
Changing file attributes
* chown invocation[別]:: Change file owner and group
* chgrp invocation[別]:: Change group ownership
* chmod invocation[別]:: Change access permissions
* touch invocation[別]:: Change file timestamps
Disk usage
* df invocation[別]:: Report file system disk space usage
* du invocation[別]:: Estimate file space usage
* stat invocation[別]:: Report file or file system status
* sync invocation[別]:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
Printing text
* echo invocation[別]:: Print a line of text
* printf invocation[別]:: Format and print data
* yes invocation[別]:: Print a string until interrupted
Conditions
* false invocation[別]:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
* true invocation[別]:: Do nothing, successfully
* test invocation[別]:: Check file types and compare values
* expr invocation[別]:: Evaluate expressions
`test': Check file types and compare values
* File type tests[別]:: File type tests
* Access permission tests[別]:: Access permission tests
* File characteristic tests[別]:: File characteristic tests
* String tests[別]:: String tests
* Numeric tests[別]:: Numeric tests
`expr': Evaluate expression
* String expressions[別]:: + : match substr index length
* Numeric expressions[別]:: + - * / %
* Relations for expr[別]:: | & < <= = == != >= >
* Examples of expr[別]:: Examples of using `expr'
Redirection
* tee invocation[別]:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
File name manipulation
* basename invocation[別]:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
* dirname invocation[別]:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
* pathchk invocation[別]:: Check file name portability
Working context
* pwd invocation[別]:: Print working directory
* stty invocation[別]:: Print or change terminal characteristics
* printenv invocation[別]:: Print all or some environment variables
* tty invocation[別]:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
`stty': Print or change terminal characteristics
* Control[別]:: Control settings
* Input[別]:: Input settings
* Output[別]:: Output settings
* Local[別]:: Local settings
* Combination[別]:: Combination settings
* Characters[別]:: Special characters
* Special[別]:: Special settings
User information
* id invocation[別]:: Print user identity
* logname invocation[別]:: Print current login name
* whoami invocation[別]:: Print effective user ID
* groups invocation[別]:: Print group names a user is in
* users invocation[別]:: Print login names of users currently logged in
* who invocation[別]:: Print who is currently logged in
System context
* arch invocation[別]:: Print machine hardware name
* date invocation[別]:: Print or set system date and time
* uname invocation[別]:: Print system information
* hostname invocation[別]:: Print or set system name
* hostid invocation[別]:: Print numeric host identifier.
`date': Print or set system date and time
* Time conversion specifiers[別]:: %[HIklMNpPrRsSTXzZ]
* Date conversion specifiers[別]:: %[aAbBcCdDeFgGhjmuUVwWxyY]
* Literal conversion specifiers[別]:: %[%nt]
* Padding and other flags[別]:: Pad with zeros, spaces, etc.
* Setting the time[別]:: Changing the system clock.
* Options for date[別]:: Instead of the current time.
* Date input formats[別]:: Specifying date strings.
* Examples of date[別]:: Examples.
Modified command invocation
* chroot invocation[別]:: Run a command with a different root directory
* env invocation[別]:: Run a command in a modified environment
* nice invocation[別]:: Run a command with modified niceness
* nohup invocation[別]:: Run a command immune to hangups
* su invocation[別]:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
Process control
* kill invocation[別]:: Sending a signal to processes.
Delaying
* sleep invocation[別]:: Delay for a specified time
Numeric operations
* factor invocation[別]:: Print prime factors
* seq invocation[別]:: Print numeric sequences
File permissions
* Mode Structure[別]:: Structure of file mode bits.
* Symbolic Modes[別]:: Mnemonic representation of file mode bits.
* Numeric Modes[別]:: File mode bits as octal numbers.
* Directory Setuid and Setgid[別]:: Set-user-ID and set-group-ID on directories.
Date input formats
* General date syntax[別]:: Common rules.
* Calendar date items[別]:: 19 Dec 1994.
* Time of day items[別]:: 9:20pm.
* Time zone items[別]:: EST, PDT, GMT.
* Day of week items[別]:: Monday and others.
* Relative items in date strings[別]:: next tuesday, 2 years ago.
* Pure numbers in date strings[別]:: 19931219, 1440.
* Seconds since the Epoch[別]:: @1078100502.
* Specifying time zone rules[別]:: TZ="America/New_York", TZ="UTC0".
* Authors of get_date[別]:: Bellovin, Eggert, Salz, Berets, et al.
Opening the software toolbox
* Toolbox introduction[別]:: Toolbox introduction
* I/O redirection[別]:: I/O redirection
* The who command[別]:: The `who' command
* The cut command[別]:: The `cut' command
* The sort command[別]:: The `sort' command
* The uniq command[別]:: The `uniq' command
* Putting the tools together[別]:: Putting the tools together
Copying This Manual
* GNU Free Documentation License[別]:: Copying and sharing this manual.
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