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GNU `gettext' utilities
***********************

   This manual documents the GNU gettext tools and the GNU libintl
library, version 0.17.

* Menu:

* Introduction[別]::                Introduction
* Users[別]::                       The User's View
* PO Files[別]::                    The Format of PO Files
* Sources[別]::                     Preparing Program Sources
* Template[別]::                    Making the PO Template File
* Creating[別]::                    Creating a New PO File
* Updating[別]::                    Updating Existing PO Files
* Editing[別]::                     Editing PO Files
* Manipulating[別]::                Manipulating PO Files
* Binaries[別]::                    Producing Binary MO Files
* Programmers[別]::                 The Programmer's View
* Translators[別]::                 The Translator's View
* Maintainers[別]::                 The Maintainer's View
* Installers[別]::                  The Installer's and Distributor's View
* Programming Languages[別]::       Other Programming Languages
* Conclusion[別]::                  Concluding Remarks

* Language Codes[別]::              ISO 639 language codes
* Country Codes[別]::               ISO 3166 country codes
* Licenses[別]::                    Licenses

* Program Index[別]::               Index of Programs
* Option Index[別]::                Index of Command-Line Options
* Variable Index[別]::              Index of Environment Variables
* PO Mode Index[別]::               Index of Emacs PO Mode Commands
* Autoconf Macro Index[別]::        Index of Autoconf Macros
* Index[別]::                       General Index

 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Introduction

* Why[別]::                         The Purpose of GNU `gettext'
* Concepts[別]::                    I18n, L10n, and Such
* Aspects[別]::                     Aspects in Native Language Support
* Files[別]::                       Files Conveying Translations
* Overview[別]::                    Overview of GNU `gettext'

The User's View

* System Installation[別]::         Questions During Operating System Installation
* Setting the GUI Locale[別]::      How to Specify the Locale Used by GUI Programs
* Setting the POSIX Locale[別]::    How to Specify the Locale According to POSIX
* Installing Localizations[別]::    How to Install Additional Translations

Setting the POSIX Locale

* Locale Names[別]::                How a Locale Specification Looks Like
* Locale Environment Variables[別]:: Which Environment Variable Specfies What
* The LANGUAGE variable[別]::       How to Specify a Priority List of Languages

Preparing Program Sources

* Importing[別]::                   Importing the `gettext' declaration
* Triggering[別]::                  Triggering `gettext' Operations
* Preparing Strings[別]::           Preparing Translatable Strings
* Mark Keywords[別]::               How Marks Appear in Sources
* Marking[別]::                     Marking Translatable Strings
* c-format Flag[別]::               Telling something about the following string
* Special cases[別]::               Special Cases of Translatable Strings
* Bug Report Address[別]::          Letting Users Report Translation Bugs
* Names[別]::                       Marking Proper Names for Translation
* Libraries[別]::                   Preparing Library Sources

Making the PO Template File

* xgettext Invocation[別]::         Invoking the `xgettext' Program

Creating a New PO File

* msginit Invocation[別]::          Invoking the `msginit' Program
* Header Entry[別]::                Filling in the Header Entry

Updating Existing PO Files

* msgmerge Invocation[別]::         Invoking the `msgmerge' Program

Editing PO Files

* KBabel[別]::                      KDE's PO File Editor
* Gtranslator[別]::                 GNOME's PO File Editor
* PO Mode[別]::                     Emacs's PO File Editor
* Compendium[別]::                  Using Translation Compendia

Emacs's PO File Editor

* Installation[別]::                Completing GNU `gettext' Installation
* Main PO Commands[別]::            Main Commands
* Entry Positioning[別]::           Entry Positioning
* Normalizing[別]::                 Normalizing Strings in Entries
* Translated Entries[別]::          Translated Entries
* Fuzzy Entries[別]::               Fuzzy Entries
* Untranslated Entries[別]::        Untranslated Entries
* Obsolete Entries[別]::            Obsolete Entries
* Modifying Translations[別]::      Modifying Translations
* Modifying Comments[別]::          Modifying Comments
* Subedit[別]::                     Mode for Editing Translations
* C Sources Context[別]::           C Sources Context
* Auxiliary[別]::                   Consulting Auxiliary PO Files

Using Translation Compendia

* Creating Compendia[別]::          Merging translations for later use
* Using Compendia[別]::             Using older translations if they fit

Manipulating PO Files

* msgcat Invocation[別]::           Invoking the `msgcat' Program
* msgconv Invocation[別]::          Invoking the `msgconv' Program
* msggrep Invocation[別]::          Invoking the `msggrep' Program
* msgfilter Invocation[別]::        Invoking the `msgfilter' Program
* msguniq Invocation[別]::          Invoking the `msguniq' Program
* msgcomm Invocation[別]::          Invoking the `msgcomm' Program
* msgcmp Invocation[別]::           Invoking the `msgcmp' Program
* msgattrib Invocation[別]::        Invoking the `msgattrib' Program
* msgen Invocation[別]::            Invoking the `msgen' Program
* msgexec Invocation[別]::          Invoking the `msgexec' Program
* Colorizing[別]::                  Highlighting parts of PO files
* libgettextpo[別]::                Writing your own programs that process PO files

Highlighting parts of PO files

* The --color option[別]::          Triggering colorized output
* The TERM variable[別]::           The environment variable `TERM'
* The --style option[別]::          The `--style' option
* Style rules[別]::                 Style rules for PO files
* Customizing less[別]::            Customizing `less' for viewing PO files

Producing Binary MO Files

* msgfmt Invocation[別]::           Invoking the `msgfmt' Program
* msgunfmt Invocation[別]::         Invoking the `msgunfmt' Program
* MO Files[別]::                    The Format of GNU MO Files

The Programmer's View

* catgets[別]::                     About `catgets'
* gettext[別]::                     About `gettext'
* Comparison[別]::                  Comparing the two interfaces
* Using libintl.a[別]::             Using libintl.a in own programs
* gettext grok[別]::                Being a `gettext' grok
* Temp Programmers[別]::            Temporary Notes for the Programmers Chapter

About `catgets'

* Interface to catgets[別]::        The interface
* Problems with catgets[別]::       Problems with the `catgets' interface?!

About `gettext'

* Interface to gettext[別]::        The interface
* Ambiguities[別]::                 Solving ambiguities
* Locating Catalogs[別]::           Locating message catalog files
* Charset conversion[別]::          How to request conversion to Unicode
* Contexts[別]::                    Solving ambiguities in GUI programs
* Plural forms[別]::                Additional functions for handling plurals
* Optimized gettext[別]::           Optimization of the *gettext functions

Temporary Notes for the Programmers Chapter

* Temp Implementations[別]::        Temporary - Two Possible Implementations
* Temp catgets[別]::                Temporary - About `catgets'
* Temp WSI[別]::                    Temporary - Why a single implementation
* Temp Notes[別]::                  Temporary - Notes

The Translator's View

* Trans Intro 0[別]::               Introduction 0
* Trans Intro 1[別]::               Introduction 1
* Discussions[別]::                 Discussions
* Organization[別]::                Organization
* Information Flow[別]::            Information Flow
* Prioritizing messages[別]::       How to find which messages to translate first

Organization

* Central Coordination[別]::        Central Coordination
* National Teams[別]::              National Teams
* Mailing Lists[別]::               Mailing Lists

National Teams

* Sub-Cultures[別]::                Sub-Cultures
* Organizational Ideas[別]::        Organizational Ideas

The Maintainer's View

* Flat and Non-Flat[別]::           Flat or Non-Flat Directory Structures
* Prerequisites[別]::               Prerequisite Works
* gettextize Invocation[別]::       Invoking the `gettextize' Program
* Adjusting Files[別]::             Files You Must Create or Alter
* autoconf macros[別]::             Autoconf macros for use in `configure.ac'
* CVS Issues[別]::                  Integrating with CVS
* Release Management[別]::          Creating a Distribution Tarball

Files You Must Create or Alter

* po/POTFILES.in[別]::              `POTFILES.in' in `po/'
* po/LINGUAS[別]::                  `LINGUAS' in `po/'
* po/Makevars[別]::                 `Makevars' in `po/'
* po/Rules-*[別]::                  Extending `Makefile' in `po/'
* configure.ac[別]::                `configure.ac' at top level
* config.guess[別]::                `config.guess', `config.sub' at top level
* mkinstalldirs[別]::               `mkinstalldirs' at top level
* aclocal[別]::                     `aclocal.m4' at top level
* acconfig[別]::                    `acconfig.h' at top level
* config.h.in[別]::                 `config.h.in' at top level
* Makefile[別]::                    `Makefile.in' at top level
* src/Makefile[別]::                `Makefile.in' in `src/'
* lib/gettext.h[別]::               `gettext.h' in `lib/'

Autoconf macros for use in `configure.ac'

* AM_GNU_GETTEXT[別]::              AM_GNU_GETTEXT in `gettext.m4'
* AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION[別]::      AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION in `gettext.m4'
* AM_GNU_GETTEXT_NEED[別]::         AM_GNU_GETTEXT_NEED in `gettext.m4'
* AM_GNU_GETTEXT_INTL_SUBDIR[別]::  AM_GNU_GETTEXT_INTL_SUBDIR in `intldir.m4'
* AM_PO_SUBDIRS[別]::               AM_PO_SUBDIRS in `po.m4'
* AM_ICONV[別]::                    AM_ICONV in `iconv.m4'

Integrating with CVS

* Distributed CVS[別]::             Avoiding version mismatch in distributed development
* Files under CVS[別]::             Files to put under CVS version control
* autopoint Invocation[別]::        Invoking the `autopoint' Program

Other Programming Languages

* Language Implementors[別]::       The Language Implementor's View
* Programmers for other Languages[別]::  The Programmer's View
* Translators for other Languages[別]::  The Translator's View
* Maintainers for other Languages[別]::  The Maintainer's View
* List of Programming Languages[別]::  Individual Programming Languages
* List of Data Formats[別]::        Internationalizable Data

The Translator's View

* c-format[別]::                    C Format Strings
* objc-format[別]::                 Objective C Format Strings
* sh-format[別]::                   Shell Format Strings
* python-format[別]::               Python Format Strings
* lisp-format[別]::                 Lisp Format Strings
* elisp-format[別]::                Emacs Lisp Format Strings
* librep-format[別]::               librep Format Strings
* scheme-format[別]::               Scheme Format Strings
* smalltalk-format[別]::            Smalltalk Format Strings
* java-format[別]::                 Java Format Strings
* csharp-format[別]::               C# Format Strings
* awk-format[別]::                  awk Format Strings
* object-pascal-format[別]::        Object Pascal Format Strings
* ycp-format[別]::                  YCP Format Strings
* tcl-format[別]::                  Tcl Format Strings
* perl-format[別]::                 Perl Format Strings
* php-format[別]::                  PHP Format Strings
* gcc-internal-format[別]::         GCC internal Format Strings
* qt-format[別]::                   Qt Format Strings
* kde-format[別]::                  KDE Format Strings
* boost-format[別]::                Boost Format Strings

Individual Programming Languages

* C[別]::                           C, C++, Objective C
* sh[別]::                          sh - Shell Script
* bash[別]::                        bash - Bourne-Again Shell Script
* Python[別]::                      Python
* Common Lisp[別]::                 GNU clisp - Common Lisp
* clisp C[別]::                     GNU clisp C sources
* Emacs Lisp[別]::                  Emacs Lisp
* librep[別]::                      librep
* Scheme[別]::                      GNU guile - Scheme
* Smalltalk[別]::                   GNU Smalltalk
* Java[別]::                        Java
* C#[別]::                          C#
* gawk[別]::                        GNU awk
* Pascal[別]::                      Pascal - Free Pascal Compiler
* wxWidgets[別]::                   wxWidgets library
* YCP[別]::                         YCP - YaST2 scripting language
* Tcl[別]::                         Tcl - Tk's scripting language
* Perl[別]::                        Perl
* PHP[別]::                         PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
* Pike[別]::                        Pike
* GCC-source[別]::                  GNU Compiler Collection sources

sh - Shell Script

* Preparing Shell Scripts[別]::     Preparing Shell Scripts for Internationalization
* gettext.sh[別]::                  Contents of `gettext.sh'
* gettext Invocation[別]::          Invoking the `gettext' program
* ngettext Invocation[別]::         Invoking the `ngettext' program
* envsubst Invocation[別]::         Invoking the `envsubst' program
* eval_gettext Invocation[別]::     Invoking the `eval_gettext' function
* eval_ngettext Invocation[別]::    Invoking the `eval_ngettext' function

Perl

* General Problems[別]::            General Problems Parsing Perl Code
* Default Keywords[別]::            Which Keywords Will xgettext Look For?
* Special Keywords[別]::            How to Extract Hash Keys
* Quote-like Expressions[別]::      What are Strings And Quote-like Expressions?
* Interpolation I[別]::             Invalid String Interpolation
* Interpolation II[別]::            Valid String Interpolation
* Parentheses[別]::                 When To Use Parentheses
* Long Lines[別]::                  How To Grok with Long Lines
* Perl Pitfalls[別]::               Bugs, Pitfalls, and Things That Do Not Work

Internationalizable Data

* POT[別]::                         POT - Portable Object Template
* RST[別]::                         Resource String Table
* Glade[別]::                       Glade - GNOME user interface description

Concluding Remarks

* History[別]::                     History of GNU `gettext'
* References[別]::                  Related Readings

Language Codes

* Usual Language Codes[別]::        Two-letter ISO 639 language codes
* Rare Language Codes[別]::         Three-letter ISO 639 language codes

Licenses

* GNU GPL[別]::                     GNU General Public License
* GNU LGPL[別]::                    GNU Lesser General Public License
* GNU FDL[別]::                     GNU Free Documentation License


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